principle and practices of management

Planning this the process by which the organization determines what is to be done. It involves the following processes:

· Forecasting-analyzing known information within and external to the organization in order to predict future conditions;

· Goal setting-determining, in light of forecasts and other imperatives, of what the organization wishes to achieve in the relevant time span;

· Decision making-making choices between different goals and courses of action, including the identification and resolution of problems, conflicts and priorities

· One of the key to this process is an understanding of where the organization is coming from and what the future may be like.

 

organizing- is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. To organize a business involves determining & providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as a process involves:

1. Identification of activities.

2. Classification of grouping of activities.

3. Assignment of duties.

4. Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.

5. Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.

 

staffing

It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned. Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human behaviour etc. The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job i.e. square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. According to Kootz & O’Donell, “Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure through proper and effective selection; appraisal & development of personnel to fill the roles designed and the structure”. Staffing involves:

1. Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).

2. Recruitment, Selection & Placement.

3. Training & Development.

4. Remuneration.

5. Performance Appraisal.

6. Promotions & Transfer.

 

directing

It is that part of managerial function which actuates the organizational methods to work efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes. It is considered the life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action of people because planning, organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for doing the work. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of organizational goals. Directing has following elements:

a) Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.

b) Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.

c) Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.

d) Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.

 

controlling

It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”. According to Koontz & O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans desired to obtain them are being accomplished”. Therefore controlling has the following steps:

· Establishment of standard performance.

· Measurement of actual performance.

· Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.

· Taking corrective action